The growth of the world's population and the need to provide it with food have largely led to structural changes in the global agricultural sector as it develops. One of the main directions of its transformation is concentration, including resources, production, and trade. It creates certain economic advantages, including an increase in production volumes at lower costs – economies of scale, the introduction of innovative technologies and, consequently, an increase in the quality and competitiveness of manufactured goods, an increase in labor productivity and, ultimately, a reduction in the cost of manufactured products due to these factors. Concentration-based transformation is more typical for developed countries, especially in the international food trade, where several major companies and corporations prevail, both in wholesale and retail markets. Along with the advantages, concentration processes also lead to some negative consequences, in particular, to the displacement of a certain proportion of small farms from the industry, reduced competition, increased likelihood of monopolization of food markets and strengthening the "market power" of a limited number of companies. Large multinational companies often limit the development of local agricultural production and the sustainable functioning of local food markets.
As part of a brief analysis of the main markets for crop and livestock products in Russia, forecasts for the development of production on farms of selected types of products for the period until 2030 were made. To assess the medium-term forecast two methods of quantitative assessment of the forecast were used: linear approximation and autoregression. Forecasts showed the most dynamic growth in farm production in the medium term for the following products/product groups: sugar beets, open ground vegetables, fruits and berries, potato, corn; medium height: cattle meat, milk, lamb and goat meat, low growth: chicken egg, sunflower, poultry meat, pork. Issues related to forecasting the development of production on farms by type of product have not previously been considered in the scientific literature.
The article presents the results of the analysis of the current state of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Dagestan. The purpose of the article is to identify the key reasons hindering the transition of agricultural production in the region to high rates of economic growth and effective development, and to develop proposals for improving agricultural policy. The study period covers the years 2010-2022. There is a stabilization and gradual increase in production volumes in the crop and livestock industries, an increase in yields, an increase in the number of farm animals and their productivity, but at the same time there is a significant decrease in an important economic criterion - the growth rate of production, its instability over the years, which does not create prerequisites for stable, effective development in the long term perspective. The following reasons are highlighted: low investment activity, outdated material and technical base, the predominance of small-scale business forms, weak financial capabilities of agricultural organizations. It is concluded that there is a need for consistent adjustment of regional agricultural policy in order to form a competitive environment, investment and innovation activity, and modernization of production. Attention is focused on the following priority areas of agricultural development: support for scientific research and innovation, assistance in the formation of vertically integrated associations; development of rural areas; professional development of personnel; development of a long-term strategy and programs for the development of the regional agro-industrial complex.
This study is devoted to the functioning and prospects of the global pecan market. The author considers the historical and economic aspects of the cultivation of pecan orchards in the USA and Mexico. The dynamics of the production of this type of nut products in the world is studied, taking into account the economic policy of the main market participants. The dynamics of pecan consumption in the countries of the world is considered, the segments with the highest growth and consumption rates per capita are identified. The specifics of pecan imports in the context of producer countries and the protectionist policy of the United States are analyzed. The author gives an assessment of the comparative economic efficiency of the production of various types of nuts in the United States, as a leading player in the market of nut products, determining the global market conditions for many commodity items.
The ecosystem and bioresources of the Arctic seas are of special state interest in order to preserve and increase reserves and their further development for the growth of fish production. The identification of reserves and industrial fishing in the Arctic seas requires scientific expeditions, they are difficult and financially expensive, today there are not enough modern NIS to conduct the necessary expeditions using modern NIS. More than ten thousand people work at the enterprises of the Arctic fishing industry, 140 enterprises with more than 7 thousand specialists are employed in the Murmansk region, 20 enterprises in the Arkhangelsk region, more than 1.5 thousand people work here, and 13 enterprises in the Republic of Karelia with more than 1 thousand employees. As part of the implementation of the program for the development of the fisheries complex, state resources have been allocated for investment projects in the Northern Fisheries Basin as part of the provision of investment quotas: the construction of fishing vessels, coastal fish processing plants, crab fishing vessels. The main volume of extraction of aquatic bioresources falls on the Barents Sea. At the same time, the Northern Fishery Basin remains attractive for fishing companies, which can be seen by the example of the construction of new ships and coastal plants, the development of exports of finished fish products.
The sustainable development of the Russia regions socio-economic sphere depends on many factors related to the external and internal environment and forming a certain level of economic security. The region internal environment is characterized by the state of the subjects functioning in it (enterprises and individuals) who are in economic relations and take part in various processes taking place in the region. Among the enterprises belonging to the agro-industrial complex of the Russia regions, sugar factories producing socially significant products for the population are of particular interest. Using the example of such entities included in the RUSAGRO Group, an analysis of the sugar industry enterprises financial condition was carried out and their impact on the economic security of the regions in which they operate was determined. It is revealed that the financial condition of the studied enterprises and its dynamics correspond to those trends that reflect statistical indicators of the region socio-economic situation. In addition, the negative dynamics of indicators characterizing the enterprises solvency and financial stability has been established, which allows us to conclude about the negative financial condition of the studied subjects and characterize their contribution to the financial component of the region economic security. Moreover, within the framework of this work, the importance the social and food components of regional economic security studying is highlighted.
Agricultural consumer cooperatives are an important infrastructural institution for the development of the local rural economy. Supporting cooperatives and increasing the number of their members has become one of the government tasks being solved within the framework of the federal project «Acceleration of Small and Medium Enterprises». Despite the ongoing organizational efforts, consulting and financial support, the expected results have not yet been achieved. The article examines the dynamics of the number of different types of cooperatives, provides a typology of cooperatives, gives characteristics of an average cooperative, and proposes measures for the development of agricultural consumer cooperation.
The food security Doctrine provides for a level of provision of seeds of domestic breeding by 2030 of at least 75% of the total volume of sown seeds. The most difficult task is faced by breeders in the sub-sectors of potato growing and sugar beet production, since self-sufficiency in seeds of domestic breeding in them amounted to only 6.7% and 1.8%, respectively, by 2022. Therefore, these sub-sectors became the first developed Subprograms in the implementation of the tasks of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 (hereinafter – FNTP). It is planned to allocate 14782.61 million rubles and 7231.45 from budgetary and extra-budgetary sources for the implementation of these Subprograms, respectively. These financial resources, in addition to the modernization and creation of breeding centers, the purchase of modern machinery and special equipment, will allow the development of rural infrastructure and give a new impetus to the socio-economic development of agricultural industries. Over the years of the implementation of the FNTP, certain successes have been achieved: breeding and seed production centers have been created, new competitive potato varieties and sugar beet hybrids have been obtained. However, the pace of development of seed production is still lagging behind the planned indicators. Special attention is paid to the transfer of breeding achievements into economic practice, as the main direction of development of agricultural production sectors. At the same time, close coordination of the state, science, business and agricultural education is necessary in order to accelerate the introduction of plant varieties and animal breeds into the agricultural sector of the economy. The paper analyzes the state of breeding and seed production in these sub-sectors and suggests measures for its further development.
The work formulates particular goals for the spatial development of crop production in the regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. It has been shown that particular goals are differentiated depending on the conditions and results of crop production. Natural agricultural conditions, which are closely related to other factors of production, in particular the availability of labor resources, are highlighted as the fundamental factor of differences in the effectiveness of crop production. For each goal, ways to achieve them have been identified, which make it possible to solve the general problem of the spatial development of crop production - ensuring national food security.
The article examines the issues of a rational approach to such a category as human capital according to the sequence of the model of formation, development and use. The conceptual apparatus was clarified and on this basis the dynamics of the movement of human capital in the foreseeable period were studied on the basis of innovative development. To assess human capital in the agricultural sector, three main approaches are used, namely natural-material, cost and index. The volume of employment in the agricultural sector is considered as a key parameter. The level of the integral human capital index was calculated for the period 2018–2022. The reasons for migration and the dynamics of the human capital index within regions are given, taking into account innovations. The results of a survey of students of agricultural universities regarding the studied issues of human capital development are presented. Conclusions and recommendations have both methodological and practical significance.